ANT 317/623: SEMINAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY - FALL 1997
Wednesday: 2:40-5:10 PM, Room 326 Gladfelter Hall
Instructor: Dr. Michael Stewart, 314 Gladfelter Hall: 204-6188
Office Hours: 1:00-4:00 PM Mondays; 12:00-2:00 PM Wednesdays; or
by appointment.
Culture is grounded in a physical, as well as a social
environment. The physical environment is a source of influences
that must be considered in any study dealing with the nature of
culture, cultural processes or change. This course is a survey of
the various perspectives, disciplines, and techniques used in
conjunction with archaeology to understand the environmental
context of ancient cultures, human ecology, and the nature of the
archaeological record itself. The course begins with a look at the
theoretical basis of environmental archaeology and relevant issues.
This is followed by considerations of how earth sciences, floral
and faunal analysis, and bioarchaeology contribute to
archaeological studies of cultural. There is an emphasis on the
earth sciences (geology, soils, sediments, geomorphology) since the
evidence that they deal with is often the most durable and well-
preserved at archaeological sites around the world.
Issues and themes that are woven throughout the course
include: environmental reconstruction, site formation processes,
deposit dating, subsistence strategies, nutrition and health,
carrying capacity and cultural perceptions of the environment,
settlement patterns, human impact on the environment, and the
environmental basis of social complexity.
There will be periodic quizzes (50% of final grade; minimum of
6) which will test basic factual knowledge, and take-home essay
tests (2 for 35% of final grade) which will be problem-solving
types of exercises. Participation in a number of in-class exercises
and field trips will count 5% towards the final grade. A paper
(10% of final grade; 10-12 pages, double-spaced) on some aspect of
floral or faunal analysis (see list of possible topics) is also
required and is due at the end of the semester. Graduate students
will be assigned additional readings, and will periodically prepare
one page summaries of selections for presentation and distribution
in class.
REQUIRED TEXT: Case Studies in Environmental Archaeology, by E.J.
Reitz, L.E. Newsom, and S.J. Scudder. Plenum Press,
New York. 1996.
Readings from this text provide examples of concepts embodied
in outside readings. Outside readings are available in the filing
cabinets in the Anthropology Reading Room, 212 Gladfelter Hall, and
at the reserve reading desk, basement level of Paley Library.
Assigned readings should be completed in preparation for the class
in which related topics will be discussed, e.g., the readings for
Week 2 should be completed prior to the second meeting of the
class. The book, Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice, by
Colin Renfrew and Paul Bahn, Thames and Hudson, New York, 1996,
provides basic background on a number of relevant issues. Class
members with little background in archaeology might want to review
this text, or purchase a copy for reference.
A number of readings are found in journals which are not
allowed to circulate and can be found in the general library
stacks. These journals include American Antiquity (E51 A5),
Journal of Archaeological Science (CC1 J68), Annual Reviews of
Anthropology (GN1 A623), Quaternary Research (QE 696.Q35), and
Antiquity (CC1.A7).
COURSE SCHEDULE
Class 1 Introduction to the Course; defining Environmental
Archaeology, the nature of the data base, and the range
of potential contributions to archaeological and cultural
studies. Readings: Reitz et al 1996:1-16; Evans 1978:1-
12.
Class 2 Continuation of above - theoretical basis of
Environmental Archaeology, human/cultural ecology,
concept of adaptation, evolutionary theory. Readings:
Steward and Murphy 1977:43-57; Orlove 1980; O'Brien and
Holland 1992; Jochim 1984.
Class 3 Continuation of above - environmental reconstruction,
carrying capacity, reconstructing subsistence, site
catchment analysis. Readings: Dincauze 1987; Glassow
1978; Reitz et al 1996:17-32; Roper 1979. It might be
useful for some to consult Renfrew and Bahn 1996:240-252.
Class 4 Continuation of above - site formation processes,
settlement patterns, cultural perceptions of the
environment. Readings: Evans and Gould 1982; Reitz et al
1996:33-54; 87-101; Wetterstrom 1978.
******* first take-home essay test *******
Class 5 Introduction to geoarchaeology and geology: rock types
and origins, influence on physiography, geologic mapping,
rock types useful in prehistoric technologies - models of
formation. Readings: Gifford and Rapp 1985:1-24; Waters
1992:1-13; Luedtke 1992:5-36.
Class 6 Geologic sourcing/provenance studies; dating geological
materials. Readings: Rapp 1985; Rice 1987:413-425; Hatch
et al 1990; Stewart 1984; Aitken 1990:120-141, 214-224
(or refer to Renfrew and Bahn 1996:139-146); also check
out sites on the Internet like
http://wings.buffalo.edu/academic/department/anthropolo
gy/Lithics/uvfa-ms.html, or use a search engine and look
for Archaeology and Lithics.
Class 7 Sediment and soil formation and classification. Readings:
Waters 1992:15-60; Hassan 1978; Stein 1987.
Class 8 Continuation of above; specialized studies; dating soil
and sediments. Readings: Foss et al 1992; Reitz et al
1996:55-69; Ferring 1992; Timpson et al 1992; Lewis et al
1992; Stewart 1991; Aitkens 1990:141-187, 225-261 (or
refer to Renfrew and Bahn 1996:127-128, 146-147); Frink
1992, 1994 (also see OCR Home Page =
http://members.aol.com/dsfrink/ocr/ocrpage.htm).
Class 9 Geomorphology. Readings: Davidson 1985; Ruhe 1975:chapter
8; Butzer 1976:Chpts.5-8 (substitutions for Ruhe and
Butzer may be made).
Class 10 Introduction to Floral Analysis. Readings: Popper and
Hastorf 1988; Lennstrom and Hastorf 1995; Bryant and
Holloway 1983; Bryant and Holloway 1993; Rovner 1983;
Reitz et al 1996:71-85; 103-126; 233-254; Aitken 1990:36-
119; Smith and Gannon 1973. It might be useful for some
to consult Renfrew and Bahn 1996:224-232; 254-266
regarding plants, environmental reconstruction, and
subsistence strategies.
Class 11 Introduction to Faunal Analysis. Readings: Reitz et al
1996:273-316; Brewer 1992; Davis 1987:Chpt. 1-4; Grayson
1984:Chpt. 6; Hill 1975; Lyman 1979, 1994; Gurfinkel and
Franklin 1988; Hyland et al 1990; Lowenstein 1985. It
might be useful for some to consult Renfrew and Bahn
1996:232-240; 266-288.
Class 12 Continuation of above.
******* second take-home essay test *******
Class 13 The Analysis of Shell. Readings: Reitz et al 1996:127-
146; Bobrowsky 1984; Claassen 1991; Jones 1983; Kent 1988
Class 14 Analyzing Human Skeletal Remains. Readings: Reitz et al
1996:149-174 Huss-Ashnore et al 1982; Deniro 1987; Sillen
et al 1989; It might be useful for some to consult
Renfrew and Bahn 1996:289-294; 403-440.
Paper due Wednesday, December 17.
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1987 Pottery Analysis: A Sourcebook. University of Chicago
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Also see articles in the following journals/series: Journal of
Archaeological Science, Journal of Field Archaeology,
Archaeometry, Geoarchaeology, Quaternary Research, Advances in
Archaeological Method and Theory, Geomorphology, Soil Science.
POSSIBLE PAPER TOPICS: For each of the topics listed below,
you would be writing an essay that would comprise the "state of
the art" - what are the prospects and problems associated with
the analytical topic. Paper topics must be approved in
consultation with the instructor. You should have made a choice
and arranged a meeting to discuss your choice with me no later
than week 7 of class.
*estimating available meat from bone remains
*techniques for identifying bone: genus, species, skeletal
elements
*blood residue analysis *bone taphonomy
*reconstructing seasonality from faunal remains
*estimating available food from floral remains
*plant residue analysis *floral taphonomy
*reconstructing seasonality from floral remains
*shellfish analysis *snail analysis *phytolith
analysis
*pollen analysis *diet and nutrition as inferred from
human skeletal pathologies
*diet and nutrition as inferred from chemical or trace element
analysis of human bone
*flotation techniques *insect remains and archaeology